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El Callao was founded by the Spanish colonizers in 1537, just two years after Lima (1535). It soon became the main port for Spanish trade in the Pacific. The origin of its name is unknown, both India (especially Yunga, or the Peruvian coast) and Spanish sources are credited, but the truth is that it was known by that name since 1550.
At the height of the Viceroyalty, practically all the goods produced in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina were carried across the Andes on mule back to Callao, to be sent to Panama, carried by land, and then transported to Spain, via Cuba.
On August 20, 1836, during the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, President Andrés de Santa Cruz ordered the creation of the Litoral Province of Callao (Litoral Province of Callao del), which has political autonomy in its internal affairs. During the government of President Ramón Castilla, Callao was given the name of Provincia Constitucional (Constitutional Province), on April 22, 1857, before that, Callao had the name of the Litoral province. All the other Peruvian provinces had given their names by law, while Callao was given by constitutional mandate.
It is built in and around the peninsula, the district of La Punta, a rich residential neighborhood. A historic fortress, Castillo de Real Felipe (site of "Last Stand Rodil"), stands on a promontory overlooking the harbor.
A large naval base is located in Callao. His prison has Abimael Guzmán, leader of the Shining Path rebel movement, and Vladimiro Montesinos, the former director of internal security during the Fujimori regime.
Jorge Chávez International Airport is located in Callao.
On a cliff overlooking the port is the Leoncio Prado Military College, the military institute. The city also has a university, the National University of Callao.
The main Naval hospital, Centro Médico Naval is located on Avenida Venezuela in Bellavista. Contains the US Navy Prefectural Medical Research Unit Six.
Callao has several islands: San Lorenzo (currently a military base), El Frontón (former high security prison), Los Cavinzas and Palominos, where numerous sea lions and seabirds live in an almost virgin ecosystem. There are proposed plans to build a large sea, land and air port on San Lorenzo Island. This project is called the San Lorenzo Megapuerto Project. The residents of Callao are known as chalacos.
Professional soccer teams are Callao Sport Boys and Atlético Chalaco.