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The logarithm properties are
1) Product Rule
The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors.
loga xy = loga x + loga y
2) Quotient Rule
The logarithm of a quotient is the logarithm of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator
loga = loga x - loga y
3) Power Rule
loga xn = nloga x
4) Change of Base Rule
where x and y are positive, and a > 0, a ≠ 1
Proof for the Product Rule
loga xy = loga x + loga y
Proof:
Step 1:
Let m = loga x and n = loga y
Step 2: Write in exponent form
x = am and y = an
Step 3: Multiply x and y
x • y = am • an = am+n
Step 4: Take log a of both sides and evaluate
log a xy = log a am+n
log a xy = (m + n) log a a
log a xy = m + n
log a xy = loga x + loga y
Proof for the Quotient Rule
loga = loga x - loga y
Proof:
Step 1:
Let m = loga x and n = loga y
Step 2: Write in exponent form
x = am and y = an
Step 3: Divide x by y
x ÷ y = am ÷ an = am - n
Step 4: Take log a of both sides and evaluate
log a (x ÷ y) = log a am - n
log a (x ÷ y) = (m - n) log a a
log a (x ÷ y) = m - n
log a (x ÷ y) = loga x - loga y
Proof for the Power Rule
loga xn = nloga x
Proof:
Step 1:
Let m = loga x
Step 2: Write in exponent form
x = am
Step 3: Raise both sides to the power of n
xn = ( am )n
Step 4: Convert back to a logarithmic equation
log a xn = mn
Step 5: Substitute for m = loga x
log a xn = n loga x
Proof for the Change of Base Rule
Proof:
Step 1:
Let x = loga b
Step 2: Write in exponent form
ax = b
Step 3: Take log c of both sides and evaluate
log c ax = log c b
xlog c a = log c b