Question

Articulo de los terremotos en ingles traducido en español .

Answer 1

The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. The solid earth is in slow but constant motion(movimiento) (see plate tectonics(tectónica de placas)) and earthquakes occur where the resulting stress(tensión) exceeds the capacity of Earth materials to support it. This condition is most often found(se encuentra sobre todo) at (and the resulting frequent occurrence of earthquakes is used to define) the boundaries(límites) of the tectonic plates into which(dentro de las cuales) the Earth's lithosphere can be divided. Events that occur at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes(terremotos entre placas); the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes. 


Earthquakes occur every day on Earth, but the vast majority of them are minor(pequeñas, insignifcantes) and cause no damage(daños físicos). Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss(pérdida) of life via a variety of agents of damage including fault rupture(ruptura de falla), vibratory ground motion(movimiento vibratorio de la tierra) (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure(fallos en presas o diques)), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. liquefaction(licuefacción), landslide(desprendimiento)), and fire or hazardous materials release(liberación de materiales de riesgo). In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each(cada, cada uno) has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most earthquakes shaking(sacudida) is the dominant and most widespread(extendido) cause of damage. 


Most large earthquakes are accompanied(seguidos, acompañados) by other, smaller ones, known as foreshocks(temblores iniciales) when they occur before the principal or mainshock(temblors principales) and aftershocks(temblores finales) when they occur following it. The source of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area -- in the case of the very largest(los más grandes) earthquakes, in excess of a(más allá de) thousand kilometres -- but it is usually possible to identify a point from which the earthquake waves appear to emanate. That point is called its "focus" and usually proves to be the point at which fault rupture was initiated. The position of the focus is known as the "hypocentre" and the location on the surface directly above it is the "epicenter." Earthquakes, especially those that occur beneath(debajo de) sea- or ocean-covered areas, can give rise(dar origen) to tsunamis(olas gigantescas), either(o...) as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed(fondo del mar) due to(debido a) the earthquake, or(...o) as a result of submarine landslips(deslizamiento de tierra) or "slides" indirectly triggered by it. 


A class of earthquakes known silent earthquakes(terremotos silenciosos) are thought to be caused by very slow slippage(deslizamiento). They are of extremely low intensity but can last(durar) for days or weeks releasing(liberando) as much energy as large earthquakes. 


In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Richter devised(ideó, diseñó) a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe therelative sizes(tamaños relativos) of earthquakes, which has come to be called(ha venido a llamarse) the Richter scale. Since Richter, seismologists have developed a number of magnitude scales. Most of the scales in use in the Western world are mutually consistent to a sufficient extent(hasta cierto punto) that the term "Richter scale" is routinely used in reporting these numbers to the public. Other scales (and other ways of describing the size of earthquakes) are used in some non-Western countries, and by earthquake specialists. The press sometimes mistakenly reports(informa por error) such values as "Richter magnitude", and this has given rise to public confusion. 


Earthquake effects are described in terms of Intensity, a scale which attempts(trata de, intenta) to quantify the severity of shaking at a given location. A number of intensity scales are in use, and there is a significant degree of consistency amongst(entre) them. The best known is the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale, but the more consistent and analytical European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) is now increasingly widely used. In Japan the Japan Meterological Agency seismic intensity scale (JMA) is used.