103 las costumbres tradicionales hechos
de la histoRia de Venezuela en ingles y en español?
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EN INGLES
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 7 n 4 is a country located in the northern part of South America, made up of a continental area and a large number of islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea, whose capital and largest agglomeration urban is the city of Caracas. 5
It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km². The continental territory limits to the north with the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, to the west with Colombia, to the south with Brazil and to the east with Guyana. With the latter country, the Venezuelan State maintains a claim on 159,542 km² of territory west of the Essequibo River, this area is known as Guayana Esequiba or Area in Claim.8 Due to its maritime spaces, it exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km² of territorial sea , 9 22 224 km² in its contiguous zone, 9 471 507 km² of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone, 10 11 12 and 99 889 km² of continental shelf.12 This marine zone borders those of thirteen States .13 The country has very high biodiversity and ranks seventh on the world list of nations with the highest number of species. There are habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the rainforest of the Amazon basin in the south, through the extensive plains of the Llanos, the Caribbean coast, and the Orinoco river delta in the east.
The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522, amidst resistance from the Amerindian peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Hispanic American territories to declare independence, which was not safely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the Federal Republic of Gran Colombia. It gained complete independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered from political upheaval and autocracy and remained dominated by regional caudillos until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. The economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises, including the deadly Caracazo riots in 1989, two coup attempts in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A Collapse in trust in existing political parties led to the 1998 election of former career officer Hugo Chávez, implicated in the coup, and the start of what he called the Bolivarian Revolution. Chávez began his government by convening a Constituent Assembly in 1999, where a new Constitution was drafted that would change the country's official name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.14
By 2010, Venezuela had the largest oil reserves in the world and is one of the world's leading oil exporters. Before the exploitation of oil, the country was an exporter of agricultural products, such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly dominated the country's exports and income. The global oil oversupply in the 1980s led to a foreign debt crisis and a prolonged economic crisis. Inflation skyrocketed in 1996 and poverty rates rose to 66% in 1995. By 1998, per capita GDP fell to the same level as in 1963, a third of its peak, reached in 1978. The government of Hugo Chávez was characterized Due to its anti-imperialist ideology and a change in the geopolitics of the oil market seeking new markets15 and supporting countries lacking oil resources, public spending increased with the theory of distributing wealth and the foreign debt grew to more than 118 billion dollars. dollars in an uncontrolled way16 17 that despite having an oil boom the consequences would be noticed years later18 the inflow of foreign currency that was invested largely in social welfare policies, while Venezuelan national production was stagnant during the first years of his government, increasing social spending and temporarily reducing poverty and economic inequality.
Years later, reduced incomes, increased imports, corruption, declining national production, and excess public spending are widely cited as factors that destabilized the nation's economy.18 Such destabilization led to a crisis in the country, leading to hyperinflation, economic depression, shortages of basic products and drastic increases in unemployment, poverty, disease, infant mortality, malnutrition and crime. 19 20 21 22 In 2017, the credit rating agencies declared Venezuela in default with its debt payments.18 In 2019, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report stating that the Venezuelan government has committed systematic violations to human rights.23 By September 2020, Venezuela continued without paying its debt, which is why it requested to renegotiate its bonds and arrears, waiving Venezuela the right of maturity within three years of claiming that the creditor has to sue in exchange for a postponement and the resignation of the bondholders of their legal actions in international courts.24 25