1. What is the basic difference between materialistic monism and dualism?
2. How does Popper understand the concept of "reality", in a broad or restricted way? Why?
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1. What is the basic difference between materialistic monism and dualism?
Dualism, where there is a belief that a human being embodies two parts, the body and the soul / mind. The main difference is that for dualism, the soul / mind can exist separately from the body; but for monism, the two must coexist.
2. How does Popper understand the concept of "reality", in a broad or restricted way? Why?
While Popper argues that it is impossible for us to justify claims that certain scientific theories are true, he also defends the realistic view that "what we are trying to do in science is describe (and as far as possible) explain reality." Although Popper recognizes that realism is, according to his own criteria, an irrefutable metaphysical vision of nature, however, he believes that we have good reasons to accept realism and reject anti-realistic opinions such as idealism or instrumentalism. In particular, he argues that realism is part of common sense and is related to our best scientific theories. Rather, he argues that the most prominent arguments for anti-realism are based on an "erroneous search for certainty or for a secure basis on which to build."
Popper constantly emphasizes that scientific theories must be interpreted as attempts to describe a reality independent of the mind. In particular, Popper is opposed to the idea, which he associates with the Copenhagen interpretation, that the probabilistic equations describing the results of potential measurements of quantum phenomena refer to the subjective states of human observers, rather than to the subjective states of human observers. existing physical properties independent of the mind, such as the positions or moments of the particles.
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